Silver (Ag)
| Atomic Number | 47 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Mass | 107.86822 u |
| Category | Transition metal |
| Electron Config | [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s¹ |
| Appearance | lustrous white metal |
| Density (STP) | 10490 g/L |
| Melting Point | 1234.93 K |
| Boiling Point | 2435 K |
| Electronegativity | 1.93 (Pauling) |
| Ionization Energy | 731 kJ/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 160 pm |
| Crystal Structure | Face-centered Cubic |
| Discovered By | Ancient civilizations (-5000) |
Brief Introduction
Silver (Ag) is a lustrous, white, soft, ductile transition metal with the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals. It has been valued throughout human history for currency, jewelry, and ornaments. Key details about Silver (Ag) are as follows:
Uses: Used in electronics and electrical contacts (conductivity), photography (though declining with digital technology), solar panels (silver paste for electrical contacts), jewelry and silverware, mirrors and reflective coatings, batteries, antimicrobial applications (wound dressings, water purification), catalysts, and as a monetary metal (coins, bullion).
Production/Extraction: Extracted from silver ores (argentite, chlorargyrite) and as a byproduct of copper, lead, and zinc mining (majority of production). Major producers include Mexico, Peru, China, and Russia. Also recovered from recycling.
History: Used since prehistoric times (before 4000 BCE). One of the first metals used by humans. Symbol Ag from Latin "argentum." Played crucial role in currency throughout history (silver standard). Name derives from Anglo-Saxon "seolfor."
Health Effects & Safety: Generally non-toxic in metallic form. Silver ions and compounds have antimicrobial properties. Excessive exposure can cause argyria (permanent blue-gray skin discoloration). Colloidal silver health claims are unsubstantiated and potentially harmful. No known biological role.
Price/Market: Precious metal with investment demand as well as industrial demand. Price more volatile than gold due to dual role. London and COMEX exchanges set benchmark prices. Industrial demand from solar panels and electronics growing.
Properties: Highest electrical conductivity of all elements, highest thermal conductivity of all metals, most reflective metal, ductile and malleable, tarnishes in air (forms silver sulfide), exhibits primarily +1 oxidation state, and excellent antimicrobial properties.
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