What is the Interactive Periodic Table?

The Interactive Periodic Table is a free, modern web application that displays all 118 elements with detailed properties, 3D Bohr model visualizations, crystal structure renderings, and text-to-speech pronunciation. It works on desktop, tablet, and mobile devices.

What information is available for each element?

Each element page includes atomic number, atomic mass, electron configuration, physical properties (density, melting and boiling points, state of matter), chemical properties (electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity), an interactive 3D Bohr model, 3D crystal structure, and an AI-generated educational summary.

Can I use this periodic table for teaching?

Yes. The Interactive Periodic Table includes a full-screen mode designed for projectors and classroom presentations. All content is educational and completely free to use without registration.

Does it work on mobile devices?

Yes. The web app is fully responsive and also available as native iOS and Android apps that can be downloaded from the app stores.

What are the 3D visualizations?

Each element features an interactive 3D Bohr model showing electron shells orbiting the nucleus, and a 3D crystal structure rendering showing the element's atomic arrangement. Both are powered by Three.js and React Three Fiber.

Is this periodic table free?

Yes, the Interactive Periodic Table is completely free with no registration, no ads, and no data collection required.

How many elements are included?

All 118 confirmed elements from Hydrogen (H, atomic number 1) through Oganesson (Og, atomic number 118) are included with full data and visualizations.

Can I hear how element names are pronounced?

Yes. The text-to-speech feature allows you to hear the correct pronunciation of any element name. This works on both the web version and native mobile apps.

Niobium (Nb)

Atomic Number	41
Atomic Mass	92.906372 u
Category	Transition metal
Electron Config	[Kr] 4d⁴ 5s¹
Appearance	gray metallic, bluish when oxidized
Density (STP)	8570 g/L
Melting Point	2750 K
Boiling Point	5017 K
Electronegativity	1.6 (Pauling)
Ionization Energy	652.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius	145 pm
Crystal Structure	Body-centered Cubic
Discovered By	Charles Hatchett (1801)

Brief Introduction

Niobium (Nb) is a soft, gray, ductile transition metal with excellent superconducting properties and high melting point. It is chemically similar to tantalum. Key details about Niobium (Nb) are as follows:

Uses: Primarily used in high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels for pipelines, automotive, and construction (small amounts increase strength and toughness), superconducting magnets (MRI machines, particle accelerators), capacitors, and nickel-based superalloys for jet engines.

Production/Extraction: Extracted from pyrochlore and columbite ores. Brazil dominates global production (>90%), with Canada as a secondary source. Relatively easy to separate from tantalum compared to other metal pairs.

History: Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 in a mineral from Massachusetts, originally named "columbium" (symbol Cb). Later confused with tantalum until proved distinct. IUPAC officially adopted "niobium" in 1950, though "columbium" persists in U.S. metallurgy. Named after Niobe (daughter of Tantalus in Greek mythology).

Health Effects & Safety: Considered relatively non-toxic and inert. No known biological role. Niobium dust may pose inhalation hazards. Generally safe to handle.

Price/Market: Moderate pricing; ferroniobium (iron-niobium alloy) is the main commercial form. Brazil's near-monopoly creates supply concentration concerns. Growing demand from steel industry and superconductor applications.

Properties: Excellent superconductor (highest critical temperature of elemental superconductors at 9.2 K), high melting point (2477°C), resistant to corrosion, ductile, forms protective oxide layer, exhibits primarily +5 oxidation state, and easily alloyed with steel.

← Zirconium (Zr) · Molybdenum (Mo) →

Periodic Table