Gold (Au)

Atomic Number79
Atomic Mass196.9665695 u
CategoryTransition metal
Electron Config[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s¹
Appearancemetallic yellow
Density (STP)19300 g/L
Melting Point1337.33 K
Boiling Point3243 K
Electronegativity2.54 (Pauling)
Ionization Energy890.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius135 pm
Crystal StructureFace-centered Cubic
Discovered ByAncient civilizations (-2500)

Brief Introduction

Gold (Au) is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Key details about Gold (Au) are as follows:

Uses: Used in jewelry (approx. 50% of consumption), investment (bullion, coins), electronics (corrosion-free connectors), dentistry, and aerospace (radiation shielding). Nanoparticulate gold is used in medicine and research.

Production/Extraction: Extracted from gold ores (native gold, electrum) via cyanidation or other leaching processes. China, Australia, Russia, and the U.S. are major producers. Recycling accounts for a significant portion of supply.

History: Known and highly valued since prehistoric times. Played a central role in human history, currency, and culture. Symbol Au from Latin "aurum" (shining dawn).

Health Effects & Safety: Non-toxic and biologically inert in metallic form (edible gold leaf). Soluble gold compounds can be toxic to the liver and kidneys. Used historically in medicine (chrysotherapy) for rheumatoid arthritis.

Price/Market: The primary global store of value and hedge against inflation. Price fixed daily by London markets. Central banks hold significant reserves. Demand is cultural, industrial, and financial.

Properties: Most malleable and ductile of all metals (1 gram can be beaten into 1 square meter), excellent electrical and thermal conductor, highly reflective of infrared, does not tarnish or corrode, and exhibits +1 and +3 oxidation states.

← Platinum (Pt) · Mercury (Hg) →

Periodic Table