Neodymium (Nd)

Atomic Number60
Atomic Mass144.2423 u
CategoryLanthanide
Electron Config[Xe] 4f⁴ 6s²
Appearancesilvery white
Density (STP)7010 g/L
Melting Point1297 K
Boiling Point3347 K
Electronegativity1.14 (Pauling)
Ionization Energy533.1 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius185 pm
Crystal StructureSimple Hexagonal
Discovered ByCarl Auer von Welsbach (1885)

Brief Introduction

Neodymium (Nd) is a soft, silvery rare earth metal that tarnishes in air and is one of the most important rare earth elements due to its use in powerful permanent magnets. Key details about Neodymium (Nd) are as follows:

Uses: Primarily used in neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) permanent magnets (strongest type of permanent magnet) for electric motors, hard disk drives, headphones, loudspeakers, wind turbines, and electric vehicles. Also used in lasers (Nd:YAG) and as a colorant for glass and ceramics.

Production/Extraction: Extracted from monazite and bastnäsite ores. China produces over 80% of global supply. One of the more abundant rare earth elements.

History: Discovered in 1885 by Carl Auer von Welsbach in Austria by separating it from didymium. Named from Greek "neos didymos" (new twin).

Health Effects & Safety: Low to moderate toxicity. Neodymium dust is a fire and explosion hazard. No known biological role. Occupational exposure should be controlled.

Price/Market: High demand and strategic importance due to magnet applications. Prices can be volatile based on Chinese production and export policies. Classified as a critical mineral for clean energy and defense.

Properties: Soft and malleable, tarnishes rapidly in air, exhibits +3 oxidation state primarily, strongly paramagnetic, and forms powerful permanent magnets when alloyed with iron and boron.

← Praseodymium (Pr) · Promethium (Pm) →

Periodic Table