What is the Interactive Periodic Table?

The Interactive Periodic Table is a free, modern web application that displays all 118 elements with detailed properties, 3D Bohr model visualizations, crystal structure renderings, and text-to-speech pronunciation. It works on desktop, tablet, and mobile devices.

What information is available for each element?

Each element page includes atomic number, atomic mass, electron configuration, physical properties (density, melting and boiling points, state of matter), chemical properties (electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity), an interactive 3D Bohr model, 3D crystal structure, and an AI-generated educational summary.

Can I use this periodic table for teaching?

Yes. The Interactive Periodic Table includes a full-screen mode designed for projectors and classroom presentations. All content is educational and completely free to use without registration.

Does it work on mobile devices?

Yes. The web app is fully responsive and also available as native iOS and Android apps that can be downloaded from the app stores.

What are the 3D visualizations?

Each element features an interactive 3D Bohr model showing electron shells orbiting the nucleus, and a 3D crystal structure rendering showing the element's atomic arrangement. Both are powered by Three.js and React Three Fiber.

Is this periodic table free?

Yes, the Interactive Periodic Table is completely free with no registration, no ads, and no data collection required.

How many elements are included?

All 118 confirmed elements from Hydrogen (H, atomic number 1) through Oganesson (Og, atomic number 118) are included with full data and visualizations.

Can I hear how element names are pronounced?

Yes. The text-to-speech feature allows you to hear the correct pronunciation of any element name. This works on both the web version and native mobile apps.

Ruthenium (Ru)

Atomic Number	44
Atomic Mass	101.072 u
Category	Transition metal
Electron Config	[Kr] 4d⁷ 5s¹
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Density (STP)	12370 g/L
Melting Point	2607 K
Boiling Point	4423 K
Electronegativity	2.2 (Pauling)
Ionization Energy	710.2 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius	130 pm
Crystal Structure	Simple Hexagonal
Discovered By	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)

Brief Introduction

Ruthenium (Ru) is a hard, silvery-white transition metal belonging to the platinum group metals (PGMs). It is rare, chemically resistant, and has catalytic properties. Key details about Ruthenium (Ru) are as follows:

Uses: Used as a catalyst in chemical synthesis (ammonia production via Haber process alternative, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), in electrical contacts and resistors (ruthenium oxide), hard disk drives and chip resistors, electrochemical capacitors, fountain pen nibs (alloy with other PGMs), and in advanced cancer therapies (experimental).

Production/Extraction: Produced as a byproduct of platinum and nickel mining from platinum-bearing ores. South Africa and Russia are primary sources. Extremely rare and expensive.

History: Discovered by Karl Ernst Claus in 1844 in platinum ore residues from the Ural Mountains. Named from Latin "Ruthenia" (Russia). Earlier claims by Jędrzej Śniadecki (1807) were not confirmed.

Health Effects & Safety: Most ruthenium compounds have low toxicity, though some are toxic and staining. Ruthenium tetroxide (RuO₄) is highly toxic and volatile. No known biological role. Occupational exposure should be controlled.

Price/Market: Expensive due to rarity and extraction difficulty. Price fluctuates with platinum group metal markets and industrial demand. Growing interest in catalytic and electronic applications.

Properties: Hard and brittle, resistant to corrosion, high melting point (2334°C), exhibits multiple oxidation states (+2 to +8), forms volatile ruthenium tetroxide, catalytic properties, and is a member of the platinum group metals.

← Technetium (Tc) · Rhodium (Rh) →

Periodic Table