Tellurium (Te)
| Atomic Number | 52 |
|---|---|
| Atomic Mass | 127.603 u |
| Category | Metalloid |
| Electron Config | [Kr] 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁴ |
| Appearance | silvery lustrous gray |
| Density (STP) | 6240 g/L |
| Melting Point | 722.66 K |
| Boiling Point | 1261 K |
| Electronegativity | 2.1 (Pauling) |
| Ionization Energy | 869.3 kJ/mol |
| Atomic Radius | 140 pm |
| Crystal Structure | Simple Trigonal |
| Discovered By | Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein (1783) |
Brief Introduction
Tellurium (Te) is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid that is extremely rare in Earth's crust (rarer than platinum). It is mildly toxic and imparts a garlic odor to the breath when ingested. Key details about Tellurium (Te) are as follows:
Uses: Used in metallurgy (improving machinability of copper and steel alloys, especially free-machining steel), thermoelectric devices (bismuth telluride), solar panels (cadmium telluride CdTe thin films), phase-change memory devices, rubber vulcanization, and in ceramics (color additive).
Production/Extraction: Produced as a byproduct of copper refining from anode slimes (tellurium is enriched during electrolytic refining). Canada, Japan, and the United States are major producers. One of the rarest stable elements.
History: Discovered by Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein in 1782 in gold ores from Transylvania. Named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth in 1798 from Latin "tellus" (earth), complementing selenium (named after the moon).
Health Effects & Safety: Moderately toxic. Exposure causes garlic breath odor (dimethyl telluride), fatigue, and nausea. Can cause developmental effects. Organotellurium compounds can be highly toxic. No known biological role. Occupational exposure should be controlled.
Price/Market: Expensive due to extreme rarity and limited supply. Growing demand from solar cells (CdTe) and thermoelectrics. Supply constraints limit applications. Classified as a critical mineral.
Properties: Brittle at room temperature, semiconductor properties, exhibits metallic luster, shows -2, +4, and +6 oxidation states, forms garlic-smelling compounds, photoconductive (conductivity increases with light), and intermediate properties between metals and nonmetals.
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